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| Adult female, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
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| Adult female, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
Adult female, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
Adult female, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
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| Adult female, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
Adult male, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
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Adult, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
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Adult male, Fresno County
© John Sullivan |
Adult Male © Patrick Briggs |
Uderside of adult Male
© Patrick Briggs |
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| Adult male, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County |
Western Fence Lizards have overlapping keeled scales with spines on them over much of their body. |
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| Intergrades |
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Adult Male, 6,200 ft., Tuolumne County |
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| Adult male, 6,200 ft., Tuolumne County |
Adult male, 5,600 ft. Tuolumne County |
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| Adult Male, 6,200 ft., Tuolumne County |
Adult male, 5,600 ft. Tuolumne County |
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| Predation and Parasites |
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| Sean Kelly © shot this series of a California Striped Racer eating a male Great Basin Fence lizard in San Diego County. |
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| California Striped Racers eat mosly lizards. This one is swallowing a Western Fence Lizard while holding the front third of its body straight up off the ground. This racer usually hunts with its head in this elevated position. |
Juvenile Pacific Gopher Snake eating a Western Fence Lizard © Daniel Harris |
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Adult male with ticks on the side of his head.
In California, western black-legged ticks (deer ticks) are the primary carriers of Lyme disease. Very tiny nymphal deer ticks are more likely to carry the disease than adults. A protein in the blood of Western Fence Lizards kills the bacterium in these nymphal ticks when they attach themselves to a lizard and ingest the lizard's blood. This could explain why Lyme disease is less common in California than it is in some areas such as the Northeastern states, where it is epidemic.
More Information
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Juvenile fence lizards are preyed upon by many other animals, including the black widow spider. © Rory Doolin |
A California Striped Racer swallows a male Northwestern Fence Lizard in
El Dorado County © Jim Bennett |
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| Habitat |
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Habitat, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County
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Habitat, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County
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Habitat, 8,000 ft., Mariposa County
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| Habitat, 6,200 ft., Tuolumne County |
Habitat, 6,200 ft., Tuolumne County |
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| Short Videos of Sierra Fence Lizards |
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| Sierra Fence lizards run around a rocky area in the woods 8,000 ft. high in the Sierra Nevada mountains. |
A Sierra Fence Lizard, or intergrade, runs around rocks in the forest up at 5,600 ft. in Tuolumne County. |
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| Short Videos of Other Subspecies of Western Fence Lizard |
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| A male Northwestern Fence Lizard defecates off the side of a Butte County fence, wipes himself off, then does a territorial push-up display. |
I'm not going out of my way trying to film this behavior - I can only take what I get - so here we see another Northwestern Fence Lizard doing his business for the camera. It's like they're trying to tell me something. |
A male Northwestern Fence Lizard fights with a female in Placer County © Rod |
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| A female fence lizard runs across a wall in Riverside County and encounters a male who pursues her. She rejects him and he runs to an open spot on top of the wall and does a push-up display. |
A male fence lizard in Inyo County defensively showing his throat color and doing push-ups. |
Large, dark phase Great Basin Fence Lizards bask and eat ants off rocks in Inyo County.
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| A few fence lizards in Contra Costa County. |
A male fence lizard on a tree in Alameda County. |
Several juvenile fence lizards come out to bask in the sun on a cool and windy morning in early March. |
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| Two Coast Range Fence Lizards observed during the breeding season in early May in San Benito County. The first lizard, a female, has moved from her perch on a rock to a nearby rock in order to get away from the photographer. She begins a territorial push-up display when a male comes up the side of the rock and begins to pursue her. She arches her back and hops away in order to reject him. She may have already mated and is bearing eggs, or maybe he is not her type. He finally stops and does a push-up display, possibly to continue trying to entice her, or possibly to warn the photographer that this is his territory. |
San Joaquin Fence Lizards on trees along a river in early spring. |
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| These two videos show a Placer County Northwestern Fence Lizard appearing to taunt a garter snake (a Mountain Gartersnake is my guess, because it lacks red.) The lizard keeps moving down towards the snake but when the snake moves towards the lizard, apparently trying to catch it for dinner, the lizard runs up the wall away from the snake. © Rod |
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| Description |
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| Size |
2.25 - 3.5 inches long from snout to vent (5.7 - 8.9 cm). (Stebbins 2003)
The largest subspecies of Western Fence Lizard.
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| Appearance |
A fairly small lizard with large overlapping keeled scales with spines on them on the back and sides.
Scales on the backs of the thighs are mostly keeled. |
| Color and Pattern |
Color is brown, gray, or black with blotches.
Sometimes light markings on the sides of the backs form stripes or irregular lines, and sometimes dark blotching may form irregular bands.
The rear of the limbs is yellow or orange.
The base color of the throat and underside are typically pale to dark gray. |
| Male / Female Differences |
Males usually have a nearly entirely blue belly and throat, enlarged postanals, enlarged femoral pores, and a swollen tail base.
On some males the throat and dorsal coloring around the bright blue can be very dark.
Some scales on a male's back and tail become blue or greenish when he is in the light phase.
Females have faint or absent blue markings on the belly, no blue or green color on the upper surfaces, and dark bars or crescents on the back. |
| Young |
| Juveniles have little or no blue on the throat and faint blue belly markings or none at all. |
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| Differences Between the Western Fence Lizard and the Similar Sagebrush Lizard in California |
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| Life History and Behavior |
Activity |
Diurnal.
Often seen basking in the sun on rocks, downed logs, trees, fences, and walls.
Prefers open sunny areas.
Active when temperatures are warm, becomes inactive during periods of extreme heat or cold, when they shelter in crevices and burrows, or under rocks, boards, tree bark, etc.
The habitat of the Sierra Fence Lizard is covered with snow much of the year.
Common and easily encountered in the right habitat.
This is probably the species of lizard most often seen in the state due to its abundance in and near populated areas and its conspicuous behavior.
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| Territoriality |
Males establish and defend a territory containing elevated perches where they can observe mates and potential rival males.
Males defend their territory and try to attract females with head-bobbing and a push-up display that exposes the blue throat and ventral colors. Territories are ultimately defended by physical combat with other males. |
| Defense |
The tail can break off easily, but it will grow back.
The detached tail wriggles on the ground which can distract a predator from the body of the lizard allowing it time to escape.
More information about tail loss and regeneration. |
| Diet and Feeding |
| Eats small, mostly terrestrial, invertebrates such as crickets, spiders, ticks, and scorpions, and occasionally eats small lizards including its own species. |
| Reproduction |
Adults breed in the spring of their second year.
Courtship and copulation occur in late spring or early summer, depending on when the snow melts.
Egg laying occurs 2 - 4 weeks after copulation. Females lay 1-3 clutches of eggs per season.
Females dig small pits in loose damp soil where they lay 3 - 17 eggs (averaging 8).
Eggs have white leathery shells and measure 8 by 14 mm.
Eggs hatch in about 60 days, usually from July to September.
(Stebbins, 2003; Nussbaum et al, 1983)
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| Western Fence Lizards and Lyme Disease |
In California, western black-legged ticks (deer ticks) are the primary carriers of Lyme disease. Very tiny nymphal deer ticks are more likely to carry the disease than adults. A protein in the blood of Western Fence Lizards kills the bacterium in these nymphal ticks when they attach themselves to a lizard and ingest the lizard's blood. This could explain why Lyme disease is less common in California than it is in some areas such as the Northeastern states, where it is epidemic.
More Information:
(Berkeleyan April 1998)
In an interesting twist, UC Berkeley researchers have found that when fence lizards are removed from an area, the population of Lyme disease-carrying ticks plummets. Up to 90 percent of juvenile Western black-legged ticks, the species that carries the Lyme disease bacteria, feed on Western Fence Lizards. When lizards are no longer available, 95 percent of the ticks fail to find another host to feed on.
More Information: (Berkeley News February 2011)
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| Habitat |
Open, sunny, rocky areas in high-elevation forests, especially areas with large rock outcrops or rock slides.
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| Geographical Range |
This subspecies is endemic to California. Found in upper elevations (generally above 7,000 ft.) on the west side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains from the Tuolumne River drainage to Sequoia National Park.
The species Sceloporus occidentalis ranges from northern Baja California north to Washington and east to Idaho, Nevada and Utah.
The ranges of subspecies shown on the range map above are based mostly on Ryan Calsbeek's distribution map.
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An alternate interpretation of the ranges of S. o. longipes and S. o. occidentalis showing S. o. occidentalis present in northeastern California and central Oregon instead of S. o. longipes can be seen here.
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| Elevational Range |
The species Sceloporus occidentalis - Western Fence Lizard, is found at elevations from sea level to around 10,800 ft.
(3,300 m.) (This subspecies is found mostly from 7,000 - 11,000 ft. (1,800 to 3,353 m). (Stebbins 2003)
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| Notes on Taxonomy |
This subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis has been called invalid.
S. o. taylori was removed from the list of Sceloporus occidentalis subspecies on the 2012 (and 2017) SSAR names list, with this note: "Leache et al. (2010, Biol. Jo. Linn. Soc. 100:630-641) presented mtDNA evidence that the previously recognized subspecies S. o. taylori is polyphyletic and represents convergent phenotypic evolution among high elevation populations of S. o. biseriatus."
The taxonomy of Sceloporus occidentalis needs to be studied further. For years six subspecies have been recognized based on geographic variation in morphology, but molecular studies have identified four major clades and eleven different genetic groups in California (James Archie, Cal State University Long Beach). The current taxonomy does not correspond with the ongoing research, so it is certain that in the future the current subspecies and their ranges will be completely revised, probably with several new species described. For this reason some experts no longer recognize any subspecies of
S. occidentalis pending further studies.
I am taking a conservative approach, retaining all of the traditionally-recognized six subspecies on my list until a definitive study of the species is published and accepted.
Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)
Commonly called: Bluebelly, Blue-bellied Lizard, Fence Lizard, Swift, Fence Swift
Sceloporus occidentalis taylori - Sierra Fence Lizard (Stebbins & McGinnis 2012)
Sceloporus occidentalis - Western Fence Lizard (no subspecies recognized) (Stebbins 2003, 2018)
Sceloporus occidentalis taylori - Sierra Fence Lizard (Stebbins 1966, 1985)
Sceloporus occidentalis taylori - Yosemite Fence Lizard (Smith 1946)
Sceloporus occidentalis taylori - Tenaya Blue-bellied Lizard (Grinnell and Camp 1917)
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| Conservation Issues (Conservation Status) |
| None |
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Taxonomy |
| Family |
Phrynosomatidae |
Zebra-tailed, Earless, Fringe-toed, Spiny, Tree, Side-blotched, and Horned Lizards |
Fitzinger, 1843 |
| Genus |
Sceloporus |
Spiny Lizards |
Wiegmann, 1828 |
| Species |
occidentalis |
Western Fence Lizard |
Baird and Girard, 1852 |
| Subspecies |
taylori |
Sierra Fence Lizard
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Camp, 1916 |
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Original Description |
Sceloporus occidentalis - Baird and Girard, 1852 - Prox. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 175
Sceloporus occidentalis taylori - Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 17, p. 65
from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
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Meaning of the Scientific Name |
Sceloporus - Greek - skelos (leg) + porus (pore or opening) - refers to the femoral pores on hind legs.
occidentalis - Latin (western) - refers to its distribution in western North America.
from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
taylori - honors the collector, Walter P. Taylor (1888-1972).
(According to Ellin Beltz, taylori honors Taylor, Edward Harrison (1889-1978), but the paper that describes the subspecies lists the collector as Walter P. Taylor. (Camp, C.L. 1916. The subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis, with description of a new form from the Sierra Nevada and systematic notes on other California lizards. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 17: 63-74).
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Related or Similar California Lizards |
Western Fence Lizards:
Sceloporus occidentalis becki - Island Fence Lizard
Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus - San Joaquin Fence Lizard
Sceloporus occidentalis bocourtii - Coast Range Fence Lizard
Sceloporus occidentalis longipes - Great Basin Fence Lizard
Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis - Northwestern Fence Lizard
Sagegrush Lizards:
Sceloporus graciosus graciosus - Northern Sagebrush Lizard
Sceloporus graciosus gracilis - Western Sagebrush Lizard
Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus - Southern Sagebrush Lizard
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More Information and References |
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
Camp, C.L. 1916. The subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis, with description of a new form from the Sierra Nevada and systematic notes on other California lizards. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 17: 63-74
Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012.
Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972.
Flaxington, William C. Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Field Observations, Distribution, and Natural History. Fieldnotes Press, Anaheim, California, 2021.
Samuel M. McGinnis and Robert C. Stebbins. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians. 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018.
Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998.
Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Turtles and Lizards of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009.
Jones, Lawrence, Rob Lovich, editors. Lizards of the American Southwest: A Photographic Field Guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2009.
Smith, Hobart M. Handbook of Lizards, Lizards of the United States and of Canada. Cornell University Press, 1946.
Nussbaum, R. A., E. D. Brodie Jr., and R. M. Storm. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, Idaho: University Press of Idaho, 1983.
Wiens & Reeder (1997 Herpetological Monographs 11: 1-101)
Bell (2001 Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 37(4): 137-142)
S. Morey. Western Fence Lizard Family: Phrynosomatidae R022. California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System California Department of Fish and Game. Originally published in Zeiner, D.C., W.F.Laudenslayer, Jr., K.E. Mayer, and M. White, eds. 1988-1990.
Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 127-208. July 11, 1917.
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The following conservation status listings for this animal are taken from the April 2024 State of California Special Animals List and the April 2024 Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California list (unless indicated otherwise below.) Both lists are produced by multiple agencies every year, and sometimes more than once per year, so the conservation status listing information found below might not be from the most recent lists. To make sure you are seeing the most recent listings, go to this California Department of Fish and Wildlife web page where you can search for and download both lists:
https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Plants-and-Animals.
A detailed explanation of the meaning of the status listing symbols can be found at the beginning of the two lists. For quick reference, I have included them on my Special Status Information page.
If no status is listed here, the animal is not included on either list. This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal. To find out more about an animal's status you can also go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings.
Check the current California Department of Fish and Wildlife sport fishing regulations to find out if this animal can be legally pursued and handled or collected with possession of a current fishing license. You can also look at the summary of the sport fishing regulations as they apply only to reptiles and amphibians that has been made for this website.
This animal is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.
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| NatureServe Global Ranking |
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| NatureServe State Ranking |
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| U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
None |
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| California Endangered Species Act (CESA) |
None |
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| California Department of Fish and Wildlife |
None |
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| Bureau of Land Management |
None |
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| USDA Forest Service |
None |
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| IUCN |
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